By Pouomegne Kamdem Prunelle Franchessa
Introduction
Over the past ten years, the political landscape of Senegal has undergone a remarkable evolution marked by the unexpected rise of Ousmane Sonko and the emergence of Bassirou Diomaye Faye as key figures on the political scene (1). As these two individuals navigate the complex dynamics of power (2), alliances, and conflicts, questions arise about the future direction of Senegalese governance. Political alliances, as defined by Giovanni Sartori in Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis, refer to the strategic cooperation between members or factions of the same political party or between different political parties, aimed at consolidating power, influencing decisions, and achieving shared objectives (3). The objective of this article is to analyze the dynamics and implications of this political rise, focusing on the partnership between Ousmane Sonko and Bassirou Diomaye Faye, particularly their ability to mobilize voters, structure an alternative discourse, and influence a political trend. By examining their collaborative efforts and the challenges they have faced, the aim is to shed light on the mechanisms of their success and draw lessons for electoral processes in Francophone African countries. This article uses a qualitative research approach, drawing on a comprehensive review of literature, political analyses, and media reports to examine the trajectories of Sonko and Faye. Through content analysis and thematic synthesis, the article seeks to identify key themes, challenges, and opportunities in their political partnership. Its structure highlights a brief history of Sonko and Faye’s political ascent, followed by an exploration of their partnership and the challenges they have faced. It then presents an analysis of their relationship and its implications for the Senegalese political system. Finally, the article concludes with practical recommendations to strengthen the legitimacy and effectiveness of elections in Senegal and the broader Francophone African region.
History of an Improbable Rise to the Presidency
The story of Ousmane Sonko’s ascent and the emergence of Bassirou Diomaye Faye at the highest office of the Republic of Senegal is a political journey rich in twists and key moments.It all begins with Ousmane Sonko, who, after being dismissed from his position as a tax and domain inspector, decides to intensify his political momentum. He indeed founded the Patriotic Movement of Senegal for Work, Ethics, and Fraternity (PASTEF) party in 2014, but it is his dismissal in 2016 that truly propels him onto the political scene (2). This rupture with his previous employment gives him the aura of a dissident and reinforces his image as a defender of the rights of ordinary citizens (3). His participation in the 2017 legislative elections, where he was elected as a deputy to the National Assembly, provides him with a broader political platform. Two years later, in 2019, he runs for the presidential election and obtains a significant score of 15.76% of the votes, placing third. His political ascent is undeniable, despite the electoral defeat (4).
In January 2022, Sonko is elected mayor of Ziguinchor (5), further consolidating his position in the Senegalese political landscape. His use of crowdfunding to support the activities of his party demonstrates his ability to mobilize popular and financial support (6). However, his arrest in June 2024 and the dissolution of his party by the Ministry of the Interior represent major setbacks for his political ambition. Despite his efforts to maintain his candidacy for the 2024 presidential election, it is ultimately rejected due to a conviction for defamation (7), raising questions about the transparency and impartiality of the electoral process.
It is in this context of political crisis that Bassirou Diomaye Faye emerges as an unexpected figure. Designated by Sonko as a substitute candidate, Faye wins the 2024 presidential election in the first round with a score of 54.28%. His rapid rise from prison to the presidential palace in just ten days makes him the first President of Senegal to accede to the highest office without having previously held a ministerial or elective position (8).
While this electoral success is remarkable, it has been tainted by accusations of partiality, such as the exclusion by the Constitutional Council in January of several candidates, including Ousmane Sonko and Karim Wade, son of former President Abdoulaye Wade. Furthermore, debates have emerged regarding the credibility of the results and the obstruction of freedom of expression, notably with the withdrawal of the private television channel Walf TV from the airwaves on February 4 by the Minister of Communication for “incitement to violence”, as well as the announcement of measures to restrict access to mobile internet for security reasons. These events have exacerbated the challenges related to the management of electoral conflicts (9).
Mechanisms of Building the Sonko-Faye Political Alliance
The relationship between Ousmane Sonko and Bassirou Diomaye Faye is complex and multifaceted, characterized by close political collaboration, deep personal ties, and a dynamic of mutual support. Ousmane Sonko, as the leader and iconic figure of the Patriotic Movement of Senegal for Work, Ethics, and Fraternity (PASTEF) party, finds in Bassirou Diomaye Faye his right-hand man and the architect of the party, responsible for its doctrine and internal organization (9). Their alliance is based on shared values such as work, ethics, and fraternity, which motivate them to combine their efforts to promote these ideals within Senegalese society (10).
Their mutual support is a key element of their collaboration. For example, when Bassirou Diomaye Faye was arrested in April 2023 for criticizing the judges in the defamation trial of Ousmane Sonko, the latter publicly expressed his support for his comrade (11). Conversely, when Ousmane Sonko faced legal obstacles and his exclusion from the 2024 presidential race, Bassirou Diomaye Faye offered him his support and even benefited from his backing for his candidacy (12). Beyond politics, their relationship is strengthened by personal ties, as evidenced by the fact that Bassirou Diomaye Faye named one of his sons Ousmane Sonko. Their shared interests, such as a passion for martial arts, further strengthen their complicity, as illustrated by Bassirou Diomaye Faye’s practice of Viet Vo Dao (13).
Together, their political ascent is inseparable. While Bassirou Diomaye Faye plays a key role in the organization and structuring of PASTEF, Ousmane Sonko embodies the party’s charisma and leadership. The unexpected accession of Bassirou Diomaye Faye to the Presidency of Senegal, without prior ministerial or elective experience (14), highlights the impact of their political collaboration and their influence within Senegalese society.
Furthermore, this collaboration has had a significant impact on electoral dynamics. On the one hand, it has to some extent imposed a redefinition of PASTEF’s electoral strategies, and on the other hand, it has modified voters’ perceptions of the possibility of radical change in the Senegalese presidential election.
Key Factors for a Successful Political Alliance in Electoral Periods: Lessons from the Senegalese Case
The Sonko-Faye political alliance in Senegal offers a rich source of lessons on the dynamics and necessary conditions for a successful electoral coalition.
It first highlights the imperative of a common ideological vision from the outset of the collaboration. Indeed, their partnership was built on shared values and a common objective, which allowed them to overcome the political and legal obstacles they encountered. This solidarity was particularly evident during moments of crisis, where their unity of action and resilience in the face of external shocks strengthened their position on the political scene.
Furthermore, political alliances must be prepared to effectively face unforeseen events and adjust their strategies accordingly, while remaining true to their fundamental principles. Additionally, the inclusive and participatory leadership demonstrated here, marked by the active involvement of civil society and supporters, is a key factor in strengthening a political alliance. Sonko and Faye have been able to mobilize their supporters and involve civil society in their initiatives, which has reinforced their legitimacy and popular support (15).
This Sonko-Faye alliance can also be analyzed within the broader context of collaboration between political parties within a democracy. Indeed, political and electoral alliances are essential for the functioning of multiparty democracies. They promote governmental stability, enable broader representation of voters, and can increase the chances of electoral success (16). The example of Senegal demonstrates that its success depends on many factors, including ideological compatibility, resilience, the ability to prioritize the political objective over individual interests, and participatory leadership.
It is also important to note that the absence of a unified opposition alliance can hinder political progress (17). When opposition parties fail to unite, they fragment their electoral support, which often benefits the incumbent regime. The example of Cameroon illustrates this reality, where difficulties in forming strong and lasting alliances have often weakened the opposition and maintained the political status quo (18).
Conclusion
This study has examined the political ascent of Ousmane Sonko and the emergence of Bassirou Diomaye Faye, as well as their partnership and the challenges they have faced. We have adopted a qualitative approach, analyzing political literature and media reports to assess the trajectories of Sonko and Faye. Our findings highlight the crucial importance of the Sonko-Faye alliance for Senegal’s future governance and its impact on the political landscape. Their close relationship, characterized by strong collaboration and personal ties, demonstrates that their political rise is inseparable. This dynamic also underscores the need for strong popular support and active civil society involvement in political processes. We propose maintaining a common vision from the outset of the collaboration and promoting inclusive and participatory leadership. Alliances must be prepared to face the unexpected while remaining true to their principles. Inspired by the Sonko-Faye dynamic, other countries in the region could consider similar strategies to overcome political obstacles and foster meaningful and lasting change.
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